He and his wife, chris woolwinemoen, produced thousands of awardwinning maps that are used all over the world and content that aids students, teachers, travelers. Ss7g1 the student will locate selected features of africa. The classification system contains two main levels, soil form and soil family. The geology and engineering geology of roads in south africa. Climate and vegetation of africa carefully study the climate vegetation map of africa and answer the following questions. In this paper, we set out to address this shortfall.
Part i provides the physiographic, climatic, biogeographic and historical background essential for understanding. The sahara desert covers most of northern africa and is the largest desert in the world. Box 6488, roggebaai 8012, south africa printing and binding. Some of the sag basins, such as the karoo, are clearly syndepositional in origin, with clear evidence that subsidence was coeval with, and exerted a strong control on, sedimentation chapter 12.
It originates from the drakensberg in neighboring lesotho where it is also known as the senqu river and flows into atlantic ocean through south africa. Regional atmospheric circulation and rainfall variability. The range of biomes that exist on earth from the equator to the poles also exists if one goes from the bottom of a mountain to the top of a mountain figure 16. This page provides you free ebooks of african history, flora and fauna, anthropology and geography of africa, travels in and througha africa, biographies of africans. The atlas, sahara, red sea graben, syrabia, abyssomalia, east africa, madagascar, south africa. Pdf high altitude montane wetland vegetation classification. The natural vegetation consists of forest, wooded savanna, and a patchwork of woodlands and grassy savannah hadjali et al. With thanks to phyllis bischof, ed colijn, rheal coupal, john creaser, larry cruse, joe dalton, hugh eva, vic fazio, xavier font castell, steve glenn, lawrence hislop, robert hoare, michael jennings, stephen killeffer. Plesioselachus, formerly described from waterloo farm, is redescribed and reinterpreted on the basis of new specimens. Nearly one third of africa is desert of semidesert. V, iii, 100 i was very badly brought up as a boy, being allowed to read extensively from the currently politically incorrect works of rudyard kipling and rider haggard. Avian demography unit, university of cape town, rondebosch 7701, south africa reproduction and imaging. Climate change adaptation in western africa october 2011 climate variability and change are increasingly posing a threat to western africas socioeconomic development and environment.
The area of two rainy seasons, a long one and a shorter one, is limited to the southern portions of the coastal countries from liberia to nigeria. The latitude system is based on 90 degrees with the equator being 0 degrees and the north and south poles being 90 degrees. It stretches across northern africa from the atlantic ocean to the red sea. The first version of the map was developed by various partners in east africa and europe in 2010 and has now reached version 2. Geology dating of the oldest rocks in south africa has provided an age of about 3. It is well developed over the lowveld and kalahari region of south africa and is also the dominant vegetation in neighboring botswana, namibia and zimbabwe. A useful example of a more structured and objective approach is that of frank white and his collaborators. Africa has been recognized as one of the continents that is both worst affected by, and most vulnerable to, climate variability and change ipcc, 2007. It is one of the largest and deepest freshwater lakes in the world. The greater part of this precipitation comes in the form of snow, especially in the temperate grasslands of the northern hemisphere. Chapter 12 reading notes how did extendedfamily communities grow into kindgdoms finally communities joined together to take advantages of resources and for protection iron making and trade helped some villages grow into towns and cities trade brought some cities great wealth.
The simulations predict shrublands fynbos with fires allowed to burn and treedominated vegetation with fire excluded in the higher rainfall areas. The potential natural vegetation pnv map of eastern and southern africa covers the countries burundi, ethiopia, kenya, uganda, rwanda, tanzania, and zambia. Latitude is the distance on a planet from the equator, north or south. Some of africas largest lakes are found near the great rift valley. The geology is described in terms of the following general regions. Sedimentary basins of africa introduction and acknowledgements i speak of africa and golden joys w. Introduction to water balance dynamics deparrmenr of civil engineering. Africa is the home of the longest river in the world, the nile river. The soils of south africa have been classified using a hierarchical system soil classification working group 1991, and include a large number of soil bodies which range from soil bodies black, smectitic clay on dolerite to yellow, kaolinitic clay on beaufort sediments. The tools for management and sustainable use of natural vegetation in west africa sun project aimed to bridge the gap between global initiatives, scientific information and the realities of. Lake tanganyika is located in the western rift valley. The great rift valley begins in syria north of africa and goes all the way down to mozambique in the south region. Product search continental africa early warning and. What controls south african vegetation climate or fire.
Africa online vegetation and plant distribution maps. Massachwer 1s 021 39 a statistical dynamic formulation of the vertical water budget at a landatmosphere interface is outlined. For example a peat basin of seven meters deep could take at least 6 000 years to form. The recurrent burning of vegetation has certain positive ecological results e. Similarly, vegetations are burnt in every part of the mediterranean biomes.
Free africa ebooks free ebooks library download pdf. The most rainfall occurs in late spring and early summer where convectional precipitation takes place. Lower crustal exhumation under transtension during the. There is a common practice to burn the vegetation each year or after two or three years after heavy grazing and browsing by sheep and goats. Most of the people in africa live in savannah and steppe regions of west, east, central, and southern africa. South africa the winter and allyear rainfall regions are also sensitive to fire. Ermelo barberton musina louis trichardt rustenburg thabazimbi vryburg pofadder port nolloth vanrhynsdorp vredenburg worcester laingsburg oudtshoorn grahamstown.
Its location on the globe is between latitude 23 0 n and 66 0 n across the greenwich meridian in the direction of the northern hemisphere and latitude 23 0 s and 66 0 s across the equator in the direction of the southern hemisphere. Medicinal plants of ea text african books collective. Farms range in size from household farms to large commercial farms. White published a vegetation classification and map for continental africa, based on the concept that physiognomic data, and in particular the cover and height of the vegetation, are fundamentally different from chorological data on patterns of species distribution. Agricultural pursuits employ the majority of the countrys labour force. T, mafikeng campus, north west university, mmabatho 2735, south africa. The sedimentary basins of africa are largely of two types, sag basins, and failed rifts clifford 1986. This datum was implemented in 1999 when it replaced the cape datum which was referenced to the modified clarke 1880 ellipsoid and had its origin point at. African grasslands have a latitude of 30 degrees south and longitude of 20 degrees east.
Smallholder farmers use hand hoes and few external inputs, and. The region contains a remarkable juxtaposition of different ecosystems, yet it forms a cohesive ecological unit with exceptionally high endemism. The river covers 1,365 miles from its source to the. South african coordinate systems introduction the hartebeesthoek 1994 datum is the official geodetic datum for sa. Free africa ebooks free ebooks library download pdf ebooks. The arid western region, including the karoo and grasslands adjacent to them. Sep 09, 2015 the potential natural vegetation pnv map of eastern and southern africa covers the countries burundi, ethiopia, kenya, uganda, rwanda, tanzania, and zambia. Jelsma encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2. The orange river passes through an arid gorge in northern cape province near south africa s borders with namibia and botswana.
Africa article about africa by the free dictionary. In other words, western africa is about the length of the united states. Principal scientific officer retired kew herbarium, royal botanic gardens, kew, united kingdom for his outstanding field and herbarium research contribution towards the publication of the flora of tropical east africa kenya, tanzania and. Crustal scale transcurrent shearing in the paleoproterozoic sefwisunyani comoe region, west africa. Western africa has a huge amount of unique geographical features. Effect of vegetation cover on millennialscale landscape denudation rates in east africa veronica torres acosta1, taylor f. The six main climate zones of africa are found to the north and south of the equator, namely, equatorial, humid tropical, tropical, semi.
Jelsma encyclopedia of life support systems eolss the worldwide 1. Zaitchik, and anand gnanadesikan department of earth and planetary sciences, johns hopkins university, baltimore, maryland. New material from the late devonian witpoort formation witteberg group, cape supergroup of waterloo farm grahamstown, south africa includes teeth, spines, and rare endoskeletal remains of early chondrichthyans. Zaitchik, and anand gnanadesikan department of earth and planetary sciences, johns hopkins university, baltimore, maryland manuscript received 7 may 2014, in. Equatorial climate this type of climate is experienced in the region between 5n and 5s of the equator. First u pb zircon age of extrusive volcanism in the birimian supergroupof ghanawest africa. Since the 1970s, observations indicate significant changes in the regions climate, particularly in relation to temperature and precipitation. Useful tree species for africa vegetationmap4africa. Conceptual model for interpreting rainfall and vegetation greenness trends and attributing the trends to climatic and nonclimatic drivers. On the west coast of the region near guinea, there is a forest that turns into a rain forest. Checklist of online vegetation and plant distribution maps compiled by claire englander 199620. Locate on a world and regional politicalphysical map the countries of. These lists of links are no longer being actively maintained and are provided for archival purposes only. Latitude versus altitude latitude is an important factor in defining a biome.
Effect of vegetation cover on millennialscale landscape. Peatlands are very rare in south africa and cover only 1% of the total wetland area. High altitude montane wetland vegetation classification of the eastern free state, south africa article pdf available in south african journal of botany 88. Most of the orange rivers 1,367 miles flow through south africa, with smaller stretches reaching into lesotho and namibia. Locate on a world and regional politicalphysical map. Learn africa geography with free interactive flashcards. The student will locate selected features in africa. The globcover map for africa derived from data acquired by the esa envisat medium resolution imaging spectrometer meris with a 300 m spatial resolution arino et al.
Orange river forms part of the international boundary line between namibia and south africa and between lesotho and south africa. Zambia has a vast land and natural resource base, although only about onesixth of the countrys arable land is under cultivation. Regional atmospheric circulation and rainfall variability in. There are temperate grasslands in central asia, north america, australia, central europe, and upland plateaus of south america. Choose from 500 different sets of africa geography flashcards on quizlet. Highlatitude chondrichthyans from the late devonian.
While the continent is the worlds hottest and driest land mass, some areas are subject to periods of heavy and unpredictable rainfall figure 2. This impressive work is the first comprehensive account of the vegetation of southern africa. A conceptual model for assessing rainfall and vegetation. This datum was implemented in 1999 when it replaced the cape datum which was referenced to the modified clarke 1880 ellipsoid and had its origin point at buffelsfontein, near port elizabeth. Zambia agriculture, forestry, and fishing britannica. The map was developed by the vegetation and climate change in eastern africa vecea project. The savanna biome is the largest biome in southern africa, occupying 46% of its area, and over onethird the area of south africa. The different parts experience different types of climate which include. List as many reasons as you can to explain this pattern of population density. The first version came out in 2011, and the current version 2. A new species of antarctilamna is reported and described for.
Average daily temperature ranges for portland and minneapolis. Changes in the distribution and magnitude of extreme rainfall events observed in many parts of the african continent are associated with both climate change and climate variability. Most of west africa, from the southern sahara to the humid coastal countries, has only one rainy season, which lasts from one to six months. The map will be further improved or extended whenever new information becomes available. Jul 15, 2019 lists of online vegetation maps from website titled checklist of online vegetation and plant distribution maps. Jan 30, 2014 new material from the late devonian witpoort formation witteberg group, cape supergroup of waterloo farm grahamstown, south africa includes teeth, spines, and rare endoskeletal remains of early chondrichthyans. John moen is a cartographer who along with his wife are the orignal founders of. Regional atmospheric circulation and rainfall variability in south equatorial africa amin k. Temperate grassland biome is characterized by fairly low rainfall 2035 inches throughout the year. He and his wife, chris woolwinemoen, produced thousands of awardwinning maps that are used all over the world and content that aids students, teachers, travelers and parents with their geography and map. Climatic and vegetation regions of africa authorstream. Climate change adaptation in western africa october 2011.
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